Terrestrial ecotoxicity

Non-target Arthropods

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The aim of the test is to evaluate the potential adverse effects of plant protection products on the survival and viability of adults of the parasitoid, Aphidius rhopalosiphi (DeStephani-Perez) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). This wasp has been chosen as an indicator species for determining the effects of pesticides on non-target species within the agricultural ecosystem (Barrett et al., 1994).

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the parasitic wasp (Aphidius rhopalosiphi)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The aim of the test is to evaluate the potential adverse effects of plant protection products on the survival and viability of adults of the parasitoid, Aphidius rhopalosiphi (DeStephani-Perez) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). This wasp has been chosen as an indicator species for determining the effects of pesticides on non-target species within the agricultural ecosystem (Barrett et al., 1994).

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-parasitoid-
female-Aphidius-rhopalosiphi-De-Stefani-Perez-ovipositing-in-
its-aphid_fig1_227680842

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the parasitic wasp (Aphidius rhopalosiphi)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:

The test is designed to evaluate the acute residual toxicity of plant protection product (PPP) on the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea as well as sublethal effects on the reproductive performance of the emerging adults.


Source: https://www.biopol.nl/chrysoperla-carnea-en

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The objective of the test is to identify potential adverse effects of a plant protection product on non-target leaf-dwelling predatory insects Coccinella septempunctata L. was chosen as a representative indicator species of such non-target leaf-dwelling insects in accordance with international recommendations (Barrett et al., 1994).


Source: https://www.first-nature.com/insects/c-coccinella-septempunctata.php

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The objective of the test is to identify potential adverse effects of a plant protection product on non-target leaf-dwelling insects Orius laevigatus (Fieber) was chosen as a representative indicator species of such non-target leaf-dwelling insects in accordance with international recommendations (Barrett et al., 1994).


Source: https://bioplanet.eu/en/426/

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the predatory bug (Orius laevigatus)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:

The objective of the laboratory test is to evaluate potential adverse effects of  plan protection products on the survival and the reproduction of non-target leaf dwelling phytoseiidae mites Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was selected as representative predator mite species within agricultural ecosystems (Barrett et al., 1994).


Source: http://ephytia.inra.fr/en/D/12923

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the predatory mite (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The aim of the test is to evaluate the potential adverse effects of plant protection products on the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal. The endpoint of this method is the overall reproductive capacity. This insect has been chosen as an indicator species for determining the effects of plant protection products on ground dwelling non-target arthropods (Barrett et al., 1994), because it is a member of the large group of predators (staphylinids) with a wide geographic distribution and it is easy to breed in culture.


Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleochara_bilineata

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the rove beetle (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
Carabid beetles occur in high densities and with a large variety of species in agricultural crops. Therefore Poecilius cupreus a medium sized carabid beetle which is encountered frequently in agricultural sites, has been selected as a relevant test species (SETAC guidance document, Barrett et al., 1994).

The test were designed to detect lethal as well as sublethal effects of plant protection products on adult carabid beetles.


Source: https://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/poecilus-cupreus

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the carabid beetle (Poecilus cupreus) (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
Non-target arthropod testing with the wolf spider (Pardosa spec.)


Source: https://www.naturspaziergang.de/Spinnen/Pardosa_spec.htm

Guidelines and literature:
Non-target arthropod testing with the wolf spider (Pardosa spec.)  (link: https://iobc-wprs.org/product/guidelines-to-evaluate-side-effects-of-plant-protection-products-to-non-target-arthropods/)

Solid Organisms

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity of the test item on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). This test involves keeping adult earthworms in precisely defined artificial soil for 14 days, containing the test item at a range of concentration. Mortality and clinical symptoms will be determined after 7 and 14 days of exposure. In addition, biomass change is determined at the end of the test. Eisenia fetida, a species that can easily be cultured in large numbers, is considered to be representative of soil fauna and earthworms in particular.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 207, “Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-207-earthworm-acute-toxicity-tests_9789264070042-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity of the test item on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). This test involves keeping adult earthworms in precisely defined artificial soil for 14 days, containing the test item at a range of concentration. Mortality and clinical symptoms will be determined after 7 and 14 days of exposure. In addition, biomass change is determined at the end of the test. Eisenia fetida, a species that can easily be cultured in large numbers, is considered to be representative of soil fauna and earthworms in particular.

OECD 207

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 207, “Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-207-earthworm-acute-toxicity-tests_9789264070042-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of the test item on reproduction of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). This test involves keeping adult earthworms in precisely defined artificial soil, which is mixed with the dispersions of range of concentrations of the test item. Mortality and growth effects on the adult earthworms are determined after four weeks of exposure. The adults are then removed from the soil and effects on reproduction is assessed after a further four weeks by counting the number of offspring present in the soil. Eisenia fetida, a species that can easily be cultured in large numbers, is considered to be a representative of soil fauna and earthworms in particular.

OECD 222

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 222, “Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-222-earthworm-reproduction-test-eisenia-fetida-eisenia-andrei_9789264264496-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:

The objective of the study is to determine the effect of the test item on the reproduction of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer in a defined artificial soil substrate. The Hypoaspis aculeifer is considered to be a relevant representative (an additional trophic level) of soil fauna and predatory mites in particular. It is worldwide distributed and can easily be collected and reared under laboratory conditions. In the test synchronous adult females are exposed to a range of concentration of the test substance mixed into defined soil substrate.  The test is started with 10 adult females per replicate vessel and ends at day 14 after introducing the females. For the main measured variable, the reproduction of the mites without discrimination and quantification of the different stages of the reproductive cycle and additionally the surviving females will be determined.

The reproductive output and survival of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) and/or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels are also recorded.

OECD 226

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 226, “Predatory mite (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) reproduction test in soil” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-226-predatory-mite-hypoaspis-geolaelaps-aculeifer-reproduction-test-in-soil_9789264264557-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:

The objective of the study is to determine the effect of the test item on the reproduction of Folsomia candida by dermal and alimentary uptake in a defined artificial soil substrate.

Soil-dwelling Collembola are ecologically relevant species for ecotoxicological testing. Collembolans are hexapods with thin exoskeleton highly permeable to air and water, and represent arthropod species with different route and a different rate of exposure compared to earthworm and enchytraeids.

In the test, synchronous juvenile Collembola are exposed to a range of concentration of the test substance mixed into a defined artificial soil substrate. The test is started with 10 individuals per replicate vessel. In this reproduction test the total number of juveniles produced by parent animals and survival of parent animals are assessed after 28 days of exposure.

The reproductive output and survival of the Collembola exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) and/or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the animals in the control and the treated vessels are also recorded.

OECD 232

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 232, “Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-232-collembolan-reproduction-test-in-soil_9789264264601-en)

Honey Bees

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The aim of this test is to fill an identified gap or complement the sequential testing scheme with the development of a test method under semi-field conditions and to produce quantitative data that can be used as the basis for the evaluation of IGRs and other larvicidal compounds.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD 75 Honey Bee Larval Toxicity

OEPP/EPPO Guideline No. 170 (link: https://pp1.eppo.int/standards/PP1-170-4 )

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The aim of this test is to fill an identified gap or complement the sequential testing scheme with the development of a test method under semi-field conditions and to produce quantitative data that can be used as the basis for the evaluation of IGRs and other larvicidal compounds.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD 75 Honey Bee Larval Toxicity

OEPP/EPPO Guideline No. 170 (link: https://pp1.eppo.int/standards/PP1-170-4 )

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The objective of the study is to determine the acute oral toxicity of the test item on honey bees. The test item is administered to bees by way of feeding (oral test).

Control groups and the reference study are also included in the study. Mortality, toxic symptoms are observed at 4, 24 and 48 hours following treatment.


Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 213, “Honeybees, Acute Oral Toxicity Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-213-honeybees-acute-oral-toxicity-test_9789264070165-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The objective of the study is to determine the acute contact toxicity of the test item on honey bees. The test item is administered to bees by way of topical application (contact test).

Control groups and the reference study are also included in the study. Mortality, toxic symptoms are observed at 4, 24 and 48 hours following treatment.

Guidelines and literature:

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 214, “Honeybees, Acute Contact Toxicity Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-214-honeybees-acute-contact-toxicity-test_9789264070189-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
This study is the honey bee brood acute toxicity test under laboratory conditions. The method aims at the determination of the lethal dose (72-h LD50) following single exposure of larvae to a chemical.

It has been under validation in our laboratory.

 

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 237, “Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Larval Toxicity Test, Single Exposure” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-237-honey-bee-apis-mellifera-larval-toxicity-test-single-exposure_9789264203723-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
This method a chronic oral toxicity test on adult worker honey bees under laboratory conditions over an exposure period of 10 days. Young bees are exposed to 50 % (w/v) aqueous sucrose solution containing the test chemical by continuous and ad libitum feeding over a period of 10 days. Mortality and behavioural abnormalities are observed and recorded daily during the 10 day test period. The chronic effects of the test chemical are evaluated by comparing the results of the test chemical treated group to those of the respective control group. The test is designed for the determination of the following endpoints  LC50 (median Lethal Concentration) and the LDD50 (median Lethal Dietary Dose) values after 10 days of exposure, and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and NOEDD (No Observed Effect Dietary Dose).

 

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 245, “Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.), Chronic Oral Toxicity Test (10-Day Feeding)” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-245-honey-bee-apis-mellifera-l-chronic-oral-toxicity-test-10-day-feeding_9789264284081-en)

Non-target plants

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of the test item on seedling emergence and early growth of several species of terrestrial plants under defined conditions, observing seedling emergence and growth (mortality, phytotoxicity and biomass) followed by surface application of the test item to potted soil in which the seeds had already been planted.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 208, “Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-208-terrestrial-plant-test-seedling-emergence-and-seedling-growth-test_9789264070066-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of the test item on seedling emergence and early growth of several species of terrestrial plants under defined conditions, observing seedling emergence and growth (mortality, phytotoxicity and biomass) followed by surface application of the test item to potted soil in which the seeds had already been planted.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 208, “Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-208-terrestrial-plant-test-seedling-emergence-and-seedling-growth-test_9789264070066-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the potential effects of the test item on the leaves and above-ground portions of six species of terrestrial plants under defined conditions, observing the effects on vigour and growth followed by application of the test item, which is sprayed from the top onto the plant and leaf surfaces.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 227, “Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-227-terrestrial-plant-test-vegetative-vigour-test_9789264067295-en)

Others

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of the test item on dung dwelling life stages of dung beetles (Aphodius constans). In this test, dung beetle larvae (up to 7 d old at the start of the test) are exposed to the test item mixed into the dung at a range of concentration for three weeks under controlled conditions. Objective of this test is to determine the number of surviving larvae after exposure. Endpoints are ECx, NOEC and LOEC based on larval survival.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1, No. 122, “Determination of pH, Acidity and Alkalinity” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-122-determination-of-ph-acidity-and-alkalinity_9789264203686-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of the test item on seedling emergence and early growth of several species of terrestrial plants under defined conditions, observing seedling emergence and growth (mortality, phytotoxicity and biomass) followed by surface application of the test item to potted soil in which the seeds had already been planted.

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 208, “Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-208-terrestrial-plant-test-seedling-emergence-and-seedling-growth-test_9789264070066-en)

Study Purpose and Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the potential effects of the test item on the leaves and above-ground portions of six species of terrestrial plants under defined conditions, observing the effects on vigour and growth followed by application of the test item, which is sprayed from the top onto the plant and leaf surfaces.

OECD 227

Guidelines and literature:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, No. 227, “Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test” (link: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-227-terrestrial-plant-test-vegetative-vigour-test_9789264067295-en)

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